| Solar panel | Photovoltaic module act as components that convert sunlight into electricity using PV cells. These are an eco-friendly and sustainable energy source, decreasing reliance on carbon-based fuels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_panel |
| Solar thermal collector | A solar energy collector is a system that captures sunlight to convert heat, generally used for hot water production or room heating applications. It effectively converts solar energy into thermal energy, reducing reliance on traditional energy sources. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_thermal_collector |
| Solar thermal energy | Sun-powered thermal energy harnesses sunlight to generate thermal energy, which can be used for water heating systems, space heating, or electricity production. It is a green and eco-friendly technology that reduces fossil fuel consumption and lowers carbon emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_thermal_energy |
| Worthing | Worthing is a scenic seaside town in the county of West Sussex, England, known for its historic pier and vibrant promenade. It offers a charming blend of golden sands, cultural attractions, and outdoor activities perfect for visitors and residents alike. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worthing |
| England | England is a historic nation in the UK known for its wealthy cultural traditions, iconic landmarks, and vibrant cities like London. It boasts a varied scenery of gentle slopes, ancient castles, and busy metropolitan areas that blend heritage with contemporary advancements. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England |
| Sunlight | Solar light is the environmental illumination emitted by the sun, essential for living organisms on Earth as it supplies energy for photosynthesis and affects climate and weather patterns. It also plays a role to our well-being by regulating our circadian rhythms and boosting vitamin D production. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunlight |
| Electricity | Electromagnetic energy is a form of power resulting from the movement of ions, primarily negatively charged particles. It drives numerous appliances and infrastructures, facilitating modern life and technological advancements. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity |
| Photovoltaic | Photovoltaic technology converts sunlight directly into power using solar panels composed of semiconductor materials. It is a renewable energy source that reduces reliance on fossil fuels and helps mitigate environmental impact. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic |
| Electrons | Electrons are fundamental particles with a reversed electric charge that circulate around the nucleus of an atom, playing a key role in chemical reactions and electricity. Their behavior and interactions affect the electrical conductivity and chemical properties of elements. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrons |
| Direct current | DC is the single-direction flow of electric charge, typically produced by cell packs, power sources, and solar cells. It provides a steady voltage or current, rendering it crucial for electronic devices and low-voltage applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_current |
| Battery (electricity) | A power source is a unit that accumulates chemical energy and converts it into electrical energy to operate various electronic gadgets. It includes multiple electrochemical cells, each containing positive and negative electrodes interposed by an electrolyte. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_(electricity) |
| Photovoltaic system | A photovoltaic system converts solar radiation directly into electricity using photovoltaic panels composed of solar cells. It is an environmentally friendly energy solution that minimizes reliance on non-renewable energy sources and supports renewable energy production. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_system |
| Solar inverter | A solar power converter is a unit that changes direct current (DC) generated by solar panels into AC suitable for domestic use and grid connection. It is vital for optimizing energy use and guaranteeing secure, dependable electricity delivery from solar energy systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_inverter |
| Alternating current | AC is an electric current that changes polarity periodically, typically used in residential and industrial power supplies. It enables optimal transmission of electricity over long distances and is defined by its voltage and current waveforms, typically sinusoidal. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_current |
| Charge controller | A charge controller is a device that regulates the voltage level and current coming from a solar panel to avoid batteries from excess charging and harm. It ensures optimal energy flow and extends the lifespan of the battery bank. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charge_controller |
| Measuring instrument | A measuring instrument is a tool used to measure the extent, volume, or intensity of something accurately. It includes gadgets like scales, temperature sensors, and barometers that provide exact readings for various applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measuring_instrument |
| Solar tracker | A solar tracker is a system that automatically the orientation of solar panels to follow the sun's movement throughout the day, increasing energy absorption. This system boosts the efficiency of solar power systems by maintaining best sun exposure. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_tracker |
| Solar farms | Photovoltaic installations are huge facilities that capture sunlight to create electricity using many solar panels. They offer a renewable and renewable energy power, cutting down reliance on carbon-based fuels and reducing greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_farms |
| Rooftop solar power | Solar power from rooftops involves placing photovoltaic panels on roofs of buildings to generate electricity from sunlight. This green energy source helps reduce reliance on non-renewable fuels and decreases greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooftop_solar_power |
| Grid-connected photovoltaic system | A grid-integrated solar energy setup changes sunlight into electricity and feeds excess power directly into the utility grid, providing a sustainable energy solution. It boosts energy efficiency and cuts down reliance on fossil fuels while enabling users to gain potential energy credits. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grid-connected_photovoltaic_system |
| Greenhouse gas emissions | Greenhouse gas emissions refer to the release of gases such as carbon dioxide, CH4, and nitrous oxide into the atmosphere, primarily from human activities like burning fossil fuels and deforestation. These gases trap heat in the Earth's atmosphere, contributing to global warming and climate change. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions |
| Solar power satellite | A solar satellite is an artificial satellite equipped with photovoltaic panels that absorb sunlight and generate power. This electricity is then beamed to the planet's surface for application as an eco-friendly power supply. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power_satellite |
| Home energy storage | Home power storage systems store excess power generated from green sources or the power grid for subsequent consumption, enhancing energy self-sufficiency and efficiency. These installations typically utilize batteries to provide backup power, reduce energy costs, and assist grid stability. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_energy_storage |
| Timeline of solar cells | The chronology of solar cells chronicles the development and innovations in photovoltaic technology from the initial finding of the photovoltaic effect to current high-performance solar arrays. It highlights major milestones, including the development of the first silicon photovoltaic cell in 1954 and ongoing innovations that have substantially boosted energy conversion and cost efficiency. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_solar_cells |
| Edmond Becquerel | Edmond Becquerel was a French physicist noted for his innovative work in the study of the solar effect and luminescent phenomena. His tests laid the basis for understanding how light interacts with certain materials to generate electricity. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmond_Becquerel |
| Willoughby Smith | Willoughby Smith was a UK electrician and scientist known for discovering the photoconductivity of Se in 1873. His work laid the foundation for the development of the photoconductive cell and advancements in early photographic and electronic systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willoughby_Smith |
| Selenium | The Selenium framework is an open-source framework used for automated testing of web browsers, enabling testers to mimic user interactions and test web application functionalities. It supports various programming languages and web browsers, making it a versatile tool for automated. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selenium |
| William Grylls Adams | William Grylls Adams was a UK scientist renowned for his pioneering work in the study of luminescence and optical science, particularly the discovery of the polarization of light reflected from transparent materials. His research significantly contributed to the understanding of electromagnetic wave behavior and the development of optical science. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Grylls_Adams |
| Charles Fritts | Charles Fritts was indeed an American inventor who developed the earliest working selenium solar cell in 1883. His pioneering work set the groundwork for the modern photovoltaic industry. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Fritts |
| Coal-fired power plant | An coal-burning power plant generates electricity by burning coal to produce vapor that powers turbines connected to generators. This process releases significant amounts of carbon dioxide and other pollutants into the atmosphere. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal-fired_power_plant |
| Russell Ohl | Russell Ohl was an American scientist credited with discovering the solar cell and enhancing the understanding of semiconductor materials. His work paved the way for modern solar power technology and the development of silicon-based solar panels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_Ohl |
| Bell Labs | Bell Labs is a prestigious innovative entity historically associated with AT&T, known for leading innovations in communications, computing, and materials science. It has been the source of numerous groundbreaking inventions, including the semiconductor device and the laser technology. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_Labs |
| Silicon | Silicon is a element with the symbol Si and number 14, well known for its essential role in the manufacturing of electronic components and solar cells. It is a tough, breakable solid solid with a blue-grey shine, mainly utilized as a electronic component in the technology sector. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon |
| Micro-inverter | A compact inverter is a compact unit installed on each photovoltaic panel to change direct current (DC) into alternating current (AC) at the location. This method increases system effectiveness, allows for better performance oversight, and improves energy yield in solar power systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micro-inverter |
| Solar cell | A solar panel is a device that converts sunlight directly into electricity through the photovoltaic effect. It is often used in photovoltaic systems to supply a sustainable and sustainable energy resource. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cell |
| PV system | An PV (photovoltaic) system transforms sunlight directly into electricity using solar panels composed of semiconductor cells. It is a green energy technology that offers sustainable power for residential, commercial, and utility-scale applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PV_system |
| Photon | An photon is a basic particle that represents a packet of light plus other electromagnetic radiation, transporting energy and momentum and energy without possessing rest mass. It plays a crucial role in the relations between matter and electromagnetic fields, enabling phenomena like reflection, refraction, and quantum communication. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photon |
| Photovoltaic effect | The photovoltaic effect is the mechanism by which certain materials transform sunlight directly into electricity through the generation of electron-hole pairs. This phenomenon is the fundamental principle behind solar panel systems, allowing the capturing of solar solar power for power generation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_effect |
| Wafer (electronics) | A wafer in electrical engineering is a fine slice of semiconductor material, usually silicon, used as the foundation for manufacturing integrated circuits. It serves as the primary platform where microchips are built through methods like doping, etching, and coating. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wafer_(electronics) |
| Crystalline silicon | Crystalline silicon is a highly pure form of silicon used predominantly in the manufacturing of photovoltaic cells and electronic devices due to its excellent semiconductor properties. Its regular, systematic crystal lattice enables efficient electrical conductivity and energy conversion. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystalline_silicon |
| Thin film solar cell | Thin-film photovoltaic devices are a type of solar energy technology characterized by their light, flexible design, and ability to be produced on large surfaces at a lower cost. They use layers of semiconductor materials just several micrometers in thickness to effectively turn sunlight into electrical energy. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin_film_solar_cell |
| Dead and live loads | Dead loads refer to the constant forces exerted by the mass of building components and permanent equipment, while live loads are movable forces such as people, furniture, and environmental factors. Both are important considerations in building planning to guarantee safety and stability. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_and_live_loads |
| Series and parallel circuits | Series circuits link components sequentially, so the same current passes through all devices, while parallel circuits join components between the same voltage source, permitting multiple paths for current. These layouts influence the circuit's total resistance, current spread, and voltage reductions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Series_and_parallel_circuits |
| Electric power | Electric power is the velocity at which electric power is transferred by an electrical network, primarily for running devices and appliances. Produced through multiple sources such as coal, oil, and natural gas, nuclear power, and sustainable sources, and fundamental for contemporary living. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_power |
| Watt | A watt is a unit of power in the metric system, representing the rate of energy movement or transformation. It is the same as one joule per second. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watt |
| Voltage | Voltage is the electrical potential difference between two points, which causes the stream of electrical current in a circuit. It is measured in volts and shows the energy per individual charge available to transport electrons. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage |
| Volt | A voltage is the derived unit of electrical potential, potential difference, and voltage in the SI system. It measures the electric energy per unit charge between locations in an electrical circuit. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volt |
| Electric current | Electric current is the movement of electrical charge through a conductor wire, typically measured in amps. It is necessary for energizing electronic devices and facilitating the working of electronic circuits. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_current |
| Ampere | Amp serves as the measure of electric flow in the SI units, represented by A. It indicates the flow of electrical charge through a circuit over a duration. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampere |
| Electrical load | Electrical load refers to the quantity of electrical power or current demanded by appliances and electrical load in a circuit. It determines the configuration and size of power systems to ensure secure and efficient energy distribution. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_load |
| Junction box | A junction enclosure is an electrical casing used to protect wire connections, providing a central point for wiring in electrical systems. It ensures structured and reliable connections, preventing electrical hazards and facilitating maintenance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junction_box |
| MC4 connector | The MC4 is a uniform photovoltaic connector used to attach solar panels in a safe and trustworthy manner. It features a snap-in design with waterproof sealing, ensuring durability and efficient electrical connection in outdoor solar power systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MC4_connector |
| USB power | USB power provides a easy and uniform method of providing electrical energy to devices through universal ports. It is commonly used for recharging and supplying a wide range of electronic gadgets, from smartphones to peripherals. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB_power |
| Power inverter | A power converter is a device that converts direct current (DC) from supplies like cells or solar panels into alternating current (AC) suitable for home devices. It permits the application of regular electrical equipment in settings where only DC power is present. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_inverter |
| Battery pack | An battery pack is a collection of numerous individual batteries created to store and supply electrical energy for different devices. This provides portable power solutions for electronics, electric vehicles, and renewable energy systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_pack |
| Solar tracking | Solar tracking systems automatically align the orientation of solar panels to track the solar trajectory throughout the day, enhancing power intake. This innovation improves the efficiency of solar energy collection by ensuring best panel orientation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_tracking |
| Maximum power point tracking | Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) is a method used to optimize the power output of solar energy systems by constantly tuning the performance point to match the maximum power point of the photovoltaic modules. This methodology provides the highest efficiency energy extraction, especially under varying environmental conditions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximum_power_point_tracking |
| Power optimizer | A power optimizer functions as a device used in solar energy systems to boost energy output by individually tailored enhancing the performance of each solar panel. It increases overall system efficiency by cutting down on energy loss caused by shading, dirt, or panel mismatch. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_optimizer |
| Solar performance monitor | A photovoltaic performance monitor is a device that observes and evaluates the efficiency of solar panel systems in live, offering important data on power output and system health. It helps maximize solar energy generation by detecting problems promptly and securing highest performance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_performance_monitor |
| Thin-film solar cell | Lightweight solar cells are thin, versatile photovoltaic devices made by depositing slim layers of semiconductor materials onto substrates. They offer a cost-effective and versatile alternative to traditional silicon-based solar panels, with applications in multiple portable and building-integrated energy solutions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin-film_solar_cell |
| Solar cells | Sunlight-to-electricity converters convert sun rays directly into electricity through the photovoltaic effect, making them a sustainable energy source. They are commonly used in solar arrays to generate electricity for homes, appliances, and complete solar power systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cells |
| Polycrystalline silicon | Polycrystalline silicon, also known as polysilicon, is a material composed of countless tiny silicon lattice structures, commonly used in solar panels and chip fabrication. Its production involves melting and restructuring silicon to generate a high-purity, polycrystalline form appropriate for electronic devices. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycrystalline_silicon |
| Monocrystalline silicon | Mono silicon is a premium form of silicon with a continuous crystal structure, making it extremely capable for use in solar panels and electronics. Its homogeneous formation allows for enhanced electron flow, resulting in higher performance compared to different silicon varieties. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monocrystalline_silicon |
| Cadmium telluride photovoltaics | Cadmium telluride photovoltaics are a type of film solar method that presents a economical and effective solution for large-scale solar energy harvesting. They are known as their excellent absorption capability and relatively reduced manufacturing expenses compared to traditional silicon-based solar panels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium_telluride_photovoltaics |
| Copper indium gallium selenide solar cell | CuInGaSe2 solar cells are thin-film solar cells that employ a multi-layered compound of copper, indium, gallium, and Se to convert sunlight into energy efficiently. They are known for their excellent absorption effectiveness, flexibility, and potential for portable, cost-effective solar power solutions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_indium_gallium_selenide_solar_cell |
| Amorphous silicon | Non-crystalline silicon is a amorphous molecular configuration, making it more adaptable and more straightforward to layer than crystalline silicon. It is often used in photovoltaic thin films and electronic systems due to its economic advantage and flexible features. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amorphous_silicon |
| Third-generation photovoltaic cell | Next-generation photovoltaic modules aim to exceed traditional solar cell efficiencies by utilizing cutting-edge materials and pioneering techniques such as multi-junction stacks, quantum dots, and organic-inorganic hybrids. These technologies focus on optimizing energy conversion, reducing costs, and broadening applicability to various environments. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third-generation_photovoltaic_cell |
| Multi-junction solar cell | Multi-layered solar cells are advanced photovoltaic modules that utilize various p-n junctions layered in unison to collect a broader range of the solar spectrum, significantly enhancing their efficiency. These are mostly employed in space applications and high-efficiency solar power installations due to their outstanding energy transformation capabilities. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-junction_solar_cell |
| Solar panels on spacecraft | Solar panels on spacecraft serve as crucial elements that convert sunlight into electric power to operate onboard equipment. Usually lightweight, durable, and built for efficient operation in the demanding space environment. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_panels_on_spacecraft |
| Compound semiconductor | Compound semiconductors are materials composed of several elements, typically involving a metallic element and a non-metallic component, used in fast electronic and optoelectronic devices. They offer superior performance in applications such as laser devices, light-emitting diodes, and high-frequency switching devices compared to traditional silicon-based semiconductors. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compound_semiconductor |
| Gallium arsenide | GaAs is a compound semiconductor famous for its high electron mobility and effectiveness in high-frequency and optoelectronic applications. It is frequently used in devices such as microwave circuits, infrared LEDs, and solar cells. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallium_arsenide |
| Concentrator photovoltaics | CPV utilize optics or mirrors to concentrate sunlight onto superior efficiency multi-band solar cells, significantly increasing energy transformation efficiency. This technology is suitable for large-scale solar power plants in regions with sunny sunlight, delivering a cost-effective option for large-scale energy needs. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentrator_photovoltaics |
| Thin-film silicon | Ultralight silicon is a type of photovoltaic material used in solar cells, characterized by its lightweight and bendable form factor. It offers a economical alternative to traditional silicon wafers, with applications in solar building materials and portable energy devices. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin-film_silicon |
| CIGS solar cell | CIGS thin-film solar cell utilize a ultra-thin layer of CuInGaSe2 as the light-absorbing layer, known for high efficiency and adaptability. They offer a easy-to-handle, budget-friendly alternative to traditional silicon-based solar panels with reliable operation in diverse climates. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIGS_solar_cell |
| Thin-film | Thin-film describes a delicate layer of material, often measured in nm or μm, used in multiple technological applications. These coatings are important in electronics, light manipulation, and coatings for their distinctive physical and chemical characteristics. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin-film |
| Rooftop solar PV | Rooftop solar PV systems harness sunlight to generate electricity directly on rooftops of buildings, providing a eco-friendly and economical energy solution. They help decrease use of fossil fuels, lower electricity bills, and contribute to environmental conservation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooftop_solar_PV |
| Thin film | A thin film is a layer of compound covering fractions of a nanometer to a few microns in thickness, often applied to surfaces for functional applications. These coatings are used in multiple sectors, including electronics industry, light manipulation, and healthcare, to change surface traits or engineer certain device functions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin_film |
| Nanometers | Nanometric units are units of measurement equal to one-billionth of a meter, often utilized to illustrate very tiny distances at the atomic and molecular scale. They are important in disciplines including nanotechnology, physics, and chemistry for gauging structures and particles at the nano level. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanometers |
| Micrometers | Calipers are high-precision devices used to precisely measure tiny gaps or depths, typically in manufacturing and fabrication. They feature a scaled screw device that allows for precise readings, often down to thousandths of an inch or hundredths of a millimeter. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micrometers |
| Silicon wafer | A silicon wafer is a fine, ring-shaped segment of silicon crystal used as the substrate for manufacturing semiconductor devices. It functions as the basic material in the manufacture of microchips and electronic components. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_wafer |
| Copper indium gallium selenide solar cells | Copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS) solar cells are compact solar units known for their excellent performance and bendability, ideal for various uses. They utilize a multilayer semiconductor architecture that turns sunlight immediately into electricity with remarkable efficiency in low-light conditions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_indium_gallium_selenide_solar_cells |
| Multi-crystalline silicon | Multi-crystalline silicon silicon is a type of silicon used in photovoltaic panels, characterized by its several crystal grains that give it a mottled appearance. It is known for being economical and having a relatively high efficiency in converting sunlight into electricity. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-crystalline_silicon |
| Solar PV systems | Photovoltaic systems convert solar energy directly into power using PV cells, offering a renewable energy source for residential, industrial, and grid applications. They provide a eco-friendly, renewable, and economical way to reduce reliance on non-renewable energy sources and decrease carbon footprint. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_PV_systems |
| Perovskite solar cell | Perovskite solar cell are a type of photovoltaic technology that uses perovskite-structured compounds as the light-harvesting layer, known for their high efficiency and low-cost manufacturing. These cell have rapidly advanced in performance, making them a promising alternative to traditional silicon-based solar panels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perovskite_solar_cell |
| Dye-sensitized solar cell | A photo-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) is a photovoltaic device that converts sunlight into electricity using a light-sensitive dye to absorb light and create electron flow. It offers a budget-friendly and adaptable alternative to conventional silicon-based solar cells, with potential for transparent and thin applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dye-sensitized_solar_cell |
| Quantum dot solar cell | Quantum dot solar cell cells utilize nanosized semiconductor particles to enhance light capture and conversion efficiency through quantum size effects. This approach offers the possibility for cost-effective, flexible, and superior solar energy harvesting solutions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_dot_solar_cell |
| Organic solar cell | Organic photovoltaic devices are photoelectric devices that utilize organic materials, to turn sun's energy into electric power. They are easy to handle, bendable, and provide cost-effective, large-area solar power. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_solar_cell |
| CZTS | CZTS Copper Zinc Tin Sulfide is a potential photovoltaic material used in layer solar cells due to its earth-abundant and harmless elements. Its superior optoelectronic properties make it an appealing option for green photovoltaic applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CZTS |
| Building integrated photovoltaics | Building integrated photovoltaics solar-integrated building systems seamlessly incorporate solar power systems into the design of architectural elements, such as roofing, facades, and glazing. This innovative approach enhances power savings while maintaining design elegance and building integrity. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building_integrated_photovoltaics |
| Transparency and translucency | Transparency permits light to penetrate a material with little distortion, allowing objects behind to be seen clearly. Translucency permits light to scatter through, hiding detailed view but yet still permitting shapes and light to transmit. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transparency_and_translucency |
| Window tinting | Window film installation involves placing a thin film to the inside or outside of automobiles or edifices glazing to block glare, heat, and ultraviolet rays. It boosts privacy, enhances energy efficiency, and provides a sleek aesthetic to any window. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Window_tinting |
| List of photovoltaic power stations | A catalog of photovoltaic power stations overview various massive solar energy facilities around the globe, highlighting their capacities and sites. These stations serve a crucial role in sustainable energy generation and worldwide efforts to cut carbon pollution. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_photovoltaic_power_stations |
| Photovoltaic power stations | Photovoltaic energy plants are massive facilities that transform sunlight directly into electricity using solar panels. They are crucial in sustainable power creation, reducing reliance on non-renewable energy sources, and lowering greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_power_stations |
| Environmental issues | Environmental issues encompass a wide range of issues such as pollution, climate change, and tree clearing that threaten the health of our planet. Addressing these problems requires collective efforts to promote eco-friendly methods and protect wild habitats. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_issues |
| Renewable energy | Sustainable power comes from natural sources that are renewably sourced, such as solar radiation, breezes, and hydropower. It offers a sustainable alternative to fossil fuels, reducing environmental harm and promoting lasting energy security. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy |
| Non-renewable energy | Fossil fuels, such as lignite, petroleum, and natural gas, are finite resources formed over millions of years and are exhausted when used. They are the primary power sources for electrical energy and mobility but pose environmental and sustainability challenges. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-renewable_energy |
| Electricity generation | Electricity generation involves converting various energy types such as fossil fuels, nuclear energy, and sustainable resources into electrical power. This process usually takes place in power plants where rotating machinery and generators work together to produce electric current for grid delivery. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity_generation |
| Heavy metals | Heavy metals are thick, harmful elements such as Pb, quicksilver, Cd, and arsenide that pose significant health and environmental risks due to their persistence and bioaccumulation. They are commonly found in industrial emissions, contaminated water, and certain consumer products, requiring careful management to prevent adverse effects. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_metals |
| Solar-cell efficiency | Photovoltaic performance indicates how efficiently a solar panel converts sunlight into convertible electricity. Boosting this efficiency is crucial for increasing renewable energy generation and decreasing reliance on fossil fuels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar-cell_efficiency |
| Photoelectric effect | The photoelectric phenomenon occurs when radiation shining on a metal ejects electrons from that surface, demonstrating the particle properties of light. This occurrence provided key evidence for the development of quantum theory by showing that photon energy is quantified. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photoelectric_effect |
| Accelerated life testing | Accelerated life testing involves subjecting products to increased stresses to quickly evaluate their durability and estimate their lifespan under normal conditions. This method helps find potential failures and enhance product reliability efficiently. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accelerated_life_testing |
| Growth of photovoltaics | The increase of photovoltaics has accelerated rapidly over the past ten years, driven by technological advancements and cost reductions. This development is transforming the international energy scene by increasing the share of sustainable solar power in power production. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Growth_of_photovoltaics |
| Utility-scale solar | Utility-scale solar pertains to large solar power facilities designed to generate electricity on a business scale, delivering power directly to the grid. These installations typically cover large areas and utilize solar panels or solar thermal systems to produce renewable energy effectively. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utility-scale_solar |
| Lens (optics) | A optic is a clear component that bends light to converge or spread out rays, forming images. It is commonly used in instruments like camera units, glasses, and microscopes to adjust light for improved vision and imaging. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lens_(optics) |
| Angle of incidence (optics) | The angle of incidence is the angle between an incoming light ray and the normal line orthogonal to the surface at the contact point. It controls how light behaves with the surface, affecting reflection and refraction properties. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angle_of_incidence_(optics) |
| Anti-reflective coating | Anti-reflective coating is a coating applied to vision surfaces to cut down on glare and improve light transmission. It enhances the crispness and brightness of optical devices by reducing undesirable reflections. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-reflective_coating |
| Destructive interference | Destructive interference occurs when two waves meet in a manner that that their amplitude levels cancel each other out, leading to a reduction or complete elimination of the resultant wave. This event usually happens when these waves are out of phase by pi radians. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destructive_interference |
| Alternating Current | Alternating current is an electric current that changes polarity, mainly utilized in electrical distribution networks. The electrical potential changes following a sine wave as time progresses, permitting cost-effective transfer over large spans. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_Current |
| Microinverter | A individual inverter is a compact device used to transform DC from a individual solar module into AC suitable for household use. It boosts system performance by optimizing power output at the module level and streamlines setup and maintenance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microinverter |
| AC power | AC power, or alternating current power, is electricity delivered through a network where the potential difference and current periodically reverse orientation, enabling optimized transmission over extended ranges. It is frequently used in households and commercial sectors to operate multiple appliances and machinery. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AC_power |
| DC connector | A DC connector is a kind of electrical coupling used to supply direct current (DC) power from a power source to an electronic device. It generally consists of a tube-shaped plug and socket that ensure a reliable and consistent attachment for various electronic applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC_connector |
| Underwriters Laboratories | Underwriters Laboratories is a international protection validation body that evaluates and certifies products to guarantee they adhere to certain security requirements. It helps consumers and companies identify trustworthy and secure products through strict assessment and examination procedures. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underwriters_Laboratories |
| Series circuits | Serial circuits are electrical circuits in which components are connected end-to-end, forming a single path for current flow. In this setup, the identical current passes through all components, and the total voltage is divided among them. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Series_circuits |
| Parallel circuits | Parallel circuits are electronic circuits where elements are connected between the same voltage source, offering multiple channels for current flow. This setup allows components to operate independently, with the total current distributed among the branches. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_circuits |
| Diode | An diode acts as a semiconductor device that permits current to flow in one way only, functioning as a one-way valve for electrical current. It is commonly used for rectification, signal demodulation, and voltage regulation in electronic circuits. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diode |
| Automobile auxiliary power outlet | An car auxiliary power outlet is a port, typically 12V, created to provide electrical energy for multiple devices and attachments inside of a car. It enables users to power electronic devices or operate small appliances during on the move. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile_auxiliary_power_outlet |
| USB | USB (Universal Serial Bus) is a technology for connecting peripheral peripherals to computers, facilitating data transfer and power delivery. It backs a wide range of devices such as input devices, mouses, external drives, and cell phones, with different revisions providing increased speeds and enhanced functionality. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB |
| Solar cell efficiency | Solar cell efficiency refers to the ratio of sunlight energy that a photovoltaic cell converts into generated energy. Improving this efficiency is crucial for increasing energy production and making solar power more cost-effective and eco-friendly. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cell_efficiency |
| National Renewable Energy Laboratory | The NREL is a U.S. DOE national laboratory dedicated to R&D in renewable energy and energy conservation technologies. It is committed to advancing innovations in solar, wind, bioenergy, and other sustainable energy sources to promote a sustainable energy future. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Renewable_Energy_Laboratory |
| Electromagnetic spectrum | The EM spectrum encompasses the entire range of electromagnetic radiation, spanning from radio waves to gamma radiation, featuring varied lengths and energies. This band is fundamental to a wide array of devices and the natural world, enabling communication, diagnostic imaging, and understanding of the universe. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrum |
| Ultraviolet | UV light is a kind of electromagnetic radiation with a wave length shorter than visible light but longer than X ray radiation, primarily generated by the solar radiation. It serves a important role in including vitamin D synthesis but can also result in skin damage and photoaging. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraviolet |
| Infrared | Infrared radiation is a form of electromagnetic wave with extended wavelengths than visible light, primarily emitted as heat by objects. It is widely used in remote controls, thermal imaging, and various sensing technologies. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared |
| Monochromatic | Monochromatic refers to a color design based on variations of a single hue, using different shades, tints, and tones to create harmony and connexion. This composition approach emphasizes minimalism and elegance by maintaining uniform color elements throughout a layout. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monochromatic |
| Irradiance | Radiance refers to the strength of electromagnetic radiation per square unit incident on a surface, generally measured in watts/m². It is a key parameter in fields such as solar energy, climate science, and photobiology, showing the strength of sunlight hitting a specific surface. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irradiance |
| W/m2 | W/m2 is a measurement unit used to calculate the strength of power or energy flow received or emitted over a defined area, commonly in disciplines including meteorology, astronomy, and engineering. It helps in grasping the spread and movement of energy across surfaces, such as solar radiation reaching the Earth's surface. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W/m2 |
| Spectrum | Spectrum refers to the range of various tones or wavebands of electromagnetic radiation, visible or otherwise. It is often used to describe the distribution of light or signal frequencies in multiple scientific and technological fields. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectrum |
| Airmass | An airmass is a large body of atmosphere with comparatively consistent temperature and humidity characteristics, originating from specific origin areas. These air masses influence weather patterns and atmospheric states as they pass through various areas. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airmass |
| Solar irradiance | Sun's energy output is the quantification of the intensity per square meter received from the Sun in the form of light. It varies with solar activity and atmospheric factors on Earth, influencing global climate and local weather. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_irradiance |
| Soiling (solar energy) | Soiling in solar energy refers to the collection of dust, and foreign matter on the exterior of photovoltaic modules, which diminishes their output. Regular cleaning and maintenance are important to reduce energy decrease and maintain best performance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soiling_(solar_energy) |
| Open-circuit voltage | Open-circuit voltage refers to the maximum voltage available from a power source when there is no current, spanning its terminals. It shows the potential difference of a device when it is disconnected from any load. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-circuit_voltage |
| Short-circuit current | Short-circuit current refers to the peak electrical current that flows through a circuit when a reduced resistance connection, or short circuit, occurs, skipping the normal load. It presents a considerable safety hazard and can cause damage to electrical components if not properly controlled. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short-circuit_current |
| Watt-peak | Watt-peak (W_peak) is a assessment of the peak power generation of a solar array under optimal sunlight conditions. It indicates the module's peak capacity to produce electricity in typical testing setups . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watt-peak |
| Voltmeter | A Volt meter is an measuring tool used to check the potential difference between two locations in a electronic circuit. It is commonly used in numerous electrical and electronic setups to maintain proper electrical potential | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltmeter |
| Potential-induced degradation | Potential-induced degradation (PID) is a problem in PV modules where elevated voltage stress causes a substantial reduction in power output and efficiency. It occurs due to leakage currents and ion transfer within the solar cell components, leading to degradation over time. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potential-induced_degradation |
| Boron | Boron is a semi-metal chemical element necessary for plant growth and used in different industrial uses, including glassmaking and semiconductor manufacturing. It possesses distinctive chemical traits that make it valuable in creating robust, heat-resistant materials. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boron |
| Photovoltaic mounting system | A solar panel mounting system securely supports solar panels, ensuring ideal tilt and orientation for maximum sunlight exposure. It is designed to withstand weather conditions while providing a robust and long-lasting foundation for solar energy installations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_mounting_system |
| Solar power plant | A solar power plant collects sunlight using vast groups of photovoltaic modules to generate renewable electricity. It offers an environmentally friendly energy source, reducing reliance on fossil fuels and lowering greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power_plant |
| Agrivoltaics | Agrivoltaics is the consolidated practice of employing land for both solar energy generation and cultivation, maximizing space and resources. This strategy enhances crop production while concurrently creating renewable energy, encouraging sustainable land use. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agrivoltaics |
| Bifacial solar cells | Bifacial photovoltaic cells are photovoltaic devices designed to harvest sunlight from both their front and rear surfaces, improving overall energy generation. They are typically mounted in a way that allows for increased efficiency by utilizing albedo reflection and reflected rays from the environment. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bifacial_solar_cells |
| Solar canopy | A solar-powered canopy is a framework that provides shelter while creating electricity through built-in solar panels. It is commonly installed in parking lots, walkways, or open spaces to combine environmental benefits with functional design. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_canopy |
| Solar array | A solar panel system is a collection of multiple solar modules configured to generate electricity from sunlight. It is often used in sustainable power systems to generate clean, eco-friendly power for multiple applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_array |
| Patio cover | A outdoor cover is a structure that delivers shade and cover from the conditions for outdoor living spaces. It enhances the functionality and visual charm of a courtyard, making it a comfortable zone for relaxation and entertainment. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patio_cover |
| Zenith angle | The angle measured from directly overhead is the angle between the upright line directly overhead and the line of sight to a astronomical body. It is employed in astronomy and meteorology to describe the position of celestial entities in the sky relative to an spectator. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zenith_angle |
| Azimuth angle | The compass bearing is a horizontal angle measured clockwise a reference direction, typically true north, to the line linking an observer to a destination. It is often used in wayfinding, mapping, and celestial observation to define the orientation of an object relative to the observer. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azimuth_angle |
| Occupational hazards of solar panel installation | Installing solar panels exposes workers to risks such as fall hazards and electrical shocks, requiring proper safety measures. Additionally, exposure to severe weather and potential musculoskeletal injuries pose significant workplace risks in solar panel setup. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational_hazards_of_solar_panel_installation |
| Cadmium telluride | CdTe is a semiconductor substance widely used in thin film solar panels due to its superior efficiency and affordability. It demonstrates superb optical features, making it a popular choice for photovoltaic applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium_telluride |
| List of photovoltaics companies | A list of photovoltaics companies features the leading manufacturers and suppliers specializing in solar panel technology and renewable energy solutions across the globe. These companies are key in driving solar energy adoption and innovation across multiple markets. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_photovoltaics_companies |
| Gigawatt | A gigawatt is a measure of power equal to one billion watt, used to quantify large-scale power generation generation and usage. It is generally associated with electricity stations, power grids, and significant power projects worldwide. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigawatt |
| First Solar | First Solar is a global leader in photovoltaic (PV) power solutions, specializing in producing thin-film solar cells that offer excellent efficiency and economical energy production. The organization is dedicated to sustainable energy development and cutting down the world dependency on fossil fuels through cutting-edge solar solar innovations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Solar |
| GCL System Integration Technology | GCL System Integration Technology focuses in seamlessly connecting various elements of factory and automation systems to improve efficiency and trustworthiness. It aims on creating advanced solutions that facilitate smooth communication and interoperability among various technological platforms. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GCL_System_Integration_Technology |
| Shunfeng Photovoltaic | Shunfeng Photovoltaic is a leading Chinese-based company focused on manufacturing and innovating photovoltaic photovoltaic products and solutions. It is known for state-of-the-art tech and green energy projects in the renewable energy sector. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shunfeng_Photovoltaic |
| GigaWatt | GigaWatt is a unit of power equal to one billion W, often used to describe the ability of massive power generation or consumption. It emphasizes the vast energy extent involved in current power framework and technology. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GigaWatt |
| Experience curve effects | Experience curve effects refer to the concept where the cost per unit of production drops as total output increases, due to learning and improvements achieved over time. This phenomenon highlights the significance of accumulated experience in lowering costs and improving productivity in industrial processes and other processes. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experience_curve_effects |
| Photovoltaics | Photovoltaics convert sunlight immediately into electricity through semiconductor materials, primarily silicon. This technology is a clean, sustainable energy source that aids reduce reliance on fossil fuels and lowers greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaics |
| Grid parity | Grid parity occurs when the price of creating solar or wind energy is the same as or lower than the expense of purchasing power from the power grid. Achieving Grid parity indicates that sustainable energy technologies are economically comparable with traditional coal, oil, natural gas. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grid_parity |
| Mains electricity | Mains electricity is the standard electrical power supplied to houses and enterprises through a network of power lines, providing a reliable source of energy for numerous appliances. It generally operates at a voltage of around 120V or 230V, according to the region, and is supplied through alternating current. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mains_electricity |
| Balance of system | Balance of system (BOS) refers to all components of a solar power system except the photovoltaic panels, including inverters, racking, wiring, and supplementary electrical hardware. It is essential for ensuring the optimum and reliable operation of a solar energy installation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balance_of_system |
| Solar energy | Solar energy is harnessed from the sun's rays using solar cells to generate electricity or through solar heating systems to generate heat. It represents a renewable, eco-friendly, and environmentally friendly source of power that decreases dependence on fossil fuels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_energy |
| Applications of photovoltaics | Photovoltaics are in residential, business, and industrial environments to create renewable, sustainable electricity from sunlight. They also power remote and off-grid locations, delivering renewable energy solutions where standard power grids are absent. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applications_of_photovoltaics |
| List of solar-powered products | A catalog of solar-powered goods features a range of gadgets that utilize sunlight to generate energy, supporting eco-friendly and renewable living. These products include everything from solar energy units and lights to home equipment and outdoor equipment, delivering versatile solutions for energy needs. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_solar-powered_products |
| Photovoltaic power station | A photovoltaic power station is a installation that transforms sunlight immediately into electricity using solar panels. It is a sustainable energy source that aids in decreasing reliance on non-renewable energy and limits greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_power_station |
| Solar hybrid power systems | Solar hybrid power systems integrate solar panels with additional energy sources, such as wind or diesel generators, to provide a reliable and efficient power supply. They enhance energy use by managing renewable resources and backup options, cutting reliance on fossil fuels and cutting overall emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_hybrid_power_systems |
| Concentrated photovoltaics | Concentrated photovoltaics employ optical lenses or mirrors focusing solar radiation on advanced photovoltaic cells, greatly boosting power output from a smaller area. This method works well in areas with intense, direct sunlight plus, it offers a promising approach to cut expenses related to solar energy. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentrated_photovoltaics |
