| Solar panel | Photovoltaic module serve as instruments that change sunlight into electricity using photovoltaic cells. They serve as an green and renewable energy source, minimizing reliance on non-renewable energy. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_panel |
| Solar thermal collector | A solar heat collector is a device that collects sunlight to generate heat, generally used for water heating or room heating applications. It successfully converts solar energy into thermal energy, cutting down on reliance on conventional energy sources. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_thermal_collector |
| Solar thermal energy | Solar heat harnesses sun rays to generate thermal energy, which can be used for hot water production, space warming, or electricity production. It is a sustainable and eco-friendly technology that reduces dependence on fossil fuels and lowers carbon emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_thermal_energy |
| Worthing | Worthing is a scenic seaside town in West Sussex County, England, known for its historic pier and vibrant promenade. It offers a delightful blend of sandy beaches, cultural attractions, and outdoor activities perfect for visitors and residents alike. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worthing |
| England | England is a historic country in the UK known for its wealthy cultural traditions, iconic landmarks, and bustling cities like London. It boasts a mixed scenery of undulating terrain, old castles, and lively city hubs that mix history with modern innovation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England |
| Sunlight | Sunlight is the organic light emitted by the sun, vital for life on Earth as it provides power for photosynthesis and affects climate and weather patterns. It also plays a role to our well-being by synchronizing our circadian rhythms and boosting vitamin D production. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunlight |
| Electricity | Electrical power is a kind of energy resulting from the movement of ions, primarily negatively charged particles. It fuels innumerable devices and infrastructures, facilitating modern life and technological advancements. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity |
| Photovoltaic | Solar technology converts solar radiation directly into electricity using photovoltaic panels composed of semiconductor materials. It is a sustainable energy source that reduces reliance on fossil fuels and helps mitigate environmental impact. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic |
| Electrons | Electrons are subatomic particles with a reversed electric charge that circulate around the nucleus of an atom, important for in chemical reactions and electricity. Their behavior and interactions influence the electrical conductivity and chemical properties of elements. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrons |
| Direct current | DC is the unidirectional flow of electric charge, generally produced by battteries, power sources, and solar cells. It provides a steady voltage or current, rendering it crucial for electronic devices and low voltage. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_current |
| Battery (electricity) | A battery is a device that accumulates chemical energy and changes it into electric power to run various electronic gadgets. It comprises one or more electrochemical units, each housing anode and cathode divided by an ionic solution. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_(electricity) |
| Photovoltaic system | A photovoltaic system converts sunlight directly into power using solar panels composed of semiconductor cells. It is an environmentally friendly power option that minimizes reliance on fossil fuels and promotes sustainable power generation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_system |
| Solar inverter | A solar power converter is a instrument that converts direct current (DC) produced by solar panels into alternating current (AC) appropriate for domestic use and utility connection. It plays a crucial role in enhancing energy performance and providing secure, consistent energy output from solar energy systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_inverter |
| Alternating current | Alternating current is an electric current that reverses direction regularly, generally used in home and commercial power supplies. It permits optimal transmission of electricity over great lengths and is characterized by its voltage and current waveforms, usually sinusoidal. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_current |
| Charge controller | A charge regulator is a device that manages the voltage level and electric current coming from a solar panel to avoid batteries from overcharging and harm. It ensures optimal energy flow and extends the lifespan of the battery array. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charge_controller |
| Measuring instrument | A measuring instrument is a instrument used to ascertain the extent, quantity, or intensity of something accurately. It includes gadgets like scales, climate gauges, and barometers that provide exact readings for various applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measuring_instrument |
| Solar tracker | A solar tracker is a mechanism that automatically adjusts the orientation of solar panels to track the sun's movement during the day, increasing energy absorption. This innovation boosts the efficiency of solar power systems by keeping optimal sun exposure. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_tracker |
| Solar farms | Photovoltaic installations are large-scale facilities that capture sunlight to produce electricity using numerous solar panels. They offer a green and renewable energy resource, decreasing reliance on carbon-based fuels and decreasing greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_farms |
| Rooftop solar power | Rooftop solar power involves placing photovoltaic panels on building roofs to produce electricity from sunlight. This renewable energy source helps minimize reliance on fossil fuels and lowers greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooftop_solar_power |
| Grid-connected photovoltaic system | A grid-connected photovoltaic system converts sunlight into electricity and feeds excess power directly into the utility grid, providing a renewable energy solution. It enhances energy efficiency and reduces reliance on fossil fuels while enabling users to take advantage of potential energy credits. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grid-connected_photovoltaic_system |
| Greenhouse gas emissions | Greenhouse gas emissions refer to the release of gases such as CO2, CH4, and N2O into the atmosphere, primarily from human activities like burning fossil fuels and tree clearing. These gases trap heat in the Earth's atmosphere, contributing to global warming and climate change. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions |
| Solar power satellite | A solar satellite is an spacecraft equipped with photovoltaic panels that collect sunlight and generate power. This energy is then transmitted wirelessly to Earth for utilization as a sustainable energy source. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power_satellite |
| Home energy storage | Home energy storage systems store excess electricity generated from renewable sources or the power grid for subsequent consumption, improving energy independence and efficiency. These solutions generally use batteries to offer backup energy, cut down energy expenses, and aid grid robustness. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_energy_storage |
| Timeline of solar cells | The history of photovoltaic cells tracks the advancement and improvements in photovoltaic tech from the beginning discovery of the solar effect to modern advanced photovoltaic modules. It showcases significant innovations, including the invention of the first silicon solar cell in 1954 and ongoing innovations that have substantially enhanced energy transformation and cost-effectiveness. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_solar_cells |
| Edmond Becquerel | Becquerel was a French-born scientist noted for his innovative work in the study of the solar effect and glow. His experiments laid the basis for grasping how illumination interacts with particular substances to generate electricity. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmond_Becquerel |
| Willoughby Smith | Smith was a British electrical engineer and researcher known for finding out the photo-conductive property of Se in 1873. His work laid the foundation for the creation of the photoconductive cell and progress in early photographic and electronic systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willoughby_Smith |
| Selenium | The Selenium framework is an open-source platform used for automating web browsers, enabling testers to mimic user interactions and test web application functionalities. It supports various programming languages and web browsers, making it a versatile tool for test automation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selenium |
| William Grylls Adams | William Grylls Adams was a British scientist renowned for his pioneering work in the study of luminescence and optical science, particularly the discovery of the polarization of luminescence reflected from clear materials. His research significantly contributed to the understanding of electromagnetic waves and the development of optical science. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Grylls_Adams |
| Charles Fritts | Charles Fritts was a an American inventor who developed the earliest working selenium solar cell in 1883. His pioneering work established the groundwork for the current photovoltaic industry. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Fritts |
| Coal-fired power plant | An coal-fired power plant generates electricity by combusting coal to produce steam that drives turbines connected to generators. This process releases large amounts of carbon dioxide and other pollutants into the atmosphere. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal-fired_power_plant |
| Russell Ohl | Russell Ohl was an American scientist credited with identifying the solar cell and improving the understanding of semiconductors. His work paved the way for modern solar energy technology and the manufacture of silicon-based solar panels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_Ohl |
| Bell Labs | Bell Laboratories is a prestigious research and development entity traditionally associated with AT&T, known for pioneering innovations in communications, computer science, and materials science. It has been the birthplace of many groundbreaking inventions, including the semiconductor device and the laser. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_Labs |
| Silicon | Silicon is a chemical with the symbol Si and 14, widely known for its crucial role in the fabrication of electronic components and solar modules. It is a hard, fragile crystalline solid with a bluish-gray shine, predominantly employed as a semi-conductor in the electronic industry. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon |
| Micro-inverter | A small inverter is a little component installed on each photovoltaic panel to convert direct current (DC) into alternating current (AC) on-site. This method enhances system performance, allows for better performance oversight, and boosts energy yield in solar energy setups. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micro-inverter |
| Solar cell | A solar panel is a device that transforms sunlight immediately into electricity through the photoelectric effect. It is often used in solar panels to offer a green and renewable energy source. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cell |
| PV system | An PV (photovoltaic) system converts sunlight straight into electricity using solar panels composed of semiconductor cells. It is a sustainable energy technology that offers renewable power for residential, commercial, and utility-scale applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PV_system |
| Photon | An photon serves as a fundamental particle that represents a packet of light and other electromagnetic radiation, transporting energy and momentum and energy without containing rest mass. It has a key role in the interactions between matter and electromagnetic fields, allowing phenomena including reflection, refraction, and quantum communication. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photon |
| Photovoltaic effect | The PV effect is the phenomenon by which particular compounds convert sunlight directly into electricity through the production of charge carriers. This event is the fundamental principle behind solar cell technology, enabling the utilization of solar energy for energy creation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_effect |
| Wafer (electronics) | An wafer in electronics is a thin slice of semiconductor material, typically silicon, used as the foundation for creating integrated circuits. It functions as the foundational platform where integrated circuits are built through methods like doping, etching, and lamination. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wafer_(electronics) |
| Crystalline silicon | Crystalline silicon is a highly pure form of silicon used mainly in the manufacturing of photovoltaic cells and electronic systems due to its excellent semiconductor properties. Its organized, orderly crystal lattice enables effective electrical conductivity and energy conversion. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystalline_silicon |
| Thin film solar cell | Thin film solar cells are a type of photovoltaic technology characterized by their lightweight, bendable structure, and ability to be produced on large surfaces at a lower cost. They use layers of semiconductor materials only a few micrometers thick to effectively turn sunlight into electrical energy. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin_film_solar_cell |
| Dead and live loads | Dead loads refer to the static forces exerted by the mass of construction parts and permanent equipment, while live loads are temporary forces such as users, furniture, and weather conditions. Both are important considerations in engineering design to maintain safety and stability. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_and_live_loads |
| Series and parallel circuits | Series circuits connect components sequentially, so the identical current passes through all devices, while parallel circuits join components across the identical voltage source, allowing several paths for current. These configurations influence the circuit's overall resistance, current spread, and voltage drops. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Series_and_parallel_circuits |
| Electric power | Electric power refers to the rate at which electrical energy is conveyed by an electric circuit, primarily for running devices and appliances. Produced through multiple sources such as carbon-based fuels, nuclear, and green energy, and is essential for today's lifestyle. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_power |
| Watt | A watt is a standard of energy transfer rate in the International System of Units, indicating the measure of energy flow or conversion. It is equivalent to one unit of energy per second. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watt |
| Voltage | Voltage is the electrical voltage difference between two points, which drives the movement of electronic current in a circuit. It is measured in volts (V) and indicates the energy per single charge ready to shift electrons. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage |
| Volt | A volt is the derived unit of voltage, voltage difference, and voltage in the SI system. It measures the potential energy per coulomb between locations in an electrical network. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volt |
| Electric current | Electrical current is the movement of electricity through a metal wire, typically measured in amperes. It is necessary for powering electronic devices and allowing the functioning of electronic circuits. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_current |
| Ampere | Amp serves as the measure of electric flow in the International System of Units, symbolized as A. It quantifies the flow of electrical charge through a conductor over a period of time. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampere |
| Electrical load | Electrical load is the term for the quantity of electrical power or current demanded by appliances and electrical load in a circuit. It determines the layout and power of power systems to maintain reliable and optimized energy distribution. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_load |
| Junction box | A junction enclosure is an electrical enclosure used to securely contain wire connections, providing a central point for wiring in electrical systems. It ensures organized and secure connections, preventing electrical hazards and facilitating maintenance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junction_box |
| MC4 connector | The MC4 plug is a standardized photovoltaic connector used to connect solar panels in a secure and dependable manner. It features a snap-in design with waterproof sealing, ensuring durability and optimal electrical connection in outdoor solar power systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MC4_connector |
| USB power | USB power offers a convenient and standardized method of delivering electrical energy to devices through common ports. It is commonly used for powering and feeding a wide range of electronic gadgets, from smartphones to peripherals. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB_power |
| Power inverter | A energy inverter is a device that changes DC from sources like cells or photovoltaic arrays into alternating current (AC) suitable for domestic gadgets. It allows the use of standard electrical devices in locations where only DC power is accessible. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_inverter |
| Battery pack | An battery pack functions as an collection of numerous individual batteries assembled to store and supply electrical energy for different devices. It provides portable power solutions for electronics, electric vehicles, and renewable energy systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_pack |
| Solar tracking | Solar tracking systems automatically regulate the orientation of photovoltaic panels to track the solar trajectory throughout the day, optimizing energy absorption. This innovation increases the efficiency of photovoltaic energy harvesting by maintaining ideal solar array alignment. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_tracking |
| Maximum power point tracking | Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) is a approach used to maximize the energy production of solar energy systems by regularly modifying the performance point to correspond to the maximum power point of the solar cells. This procedure provides the best performance power harvesting, especially under differing environmental factors. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximum_power_point_tracking |
| Power optimizer | An power optimizer serves as a device used in solar energy systems to optimize energy output by individually tailored improving the performance of each solar panel. It enhances overall system efficiency by minimizing energy loss caused by shading, dirt, or panel mismatch. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_optimizer |
| Solar performance monitor | A photovoltaic performance monitor is a tool that monitors and analyzes the performance of photovoltaic panel systems in real-time, providing important data on energy production and system condition. It aids enhance solar energy output by identifying issues promptly and ensuring highest output. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_performance_monitor |
| Thin-film solar cell | Lightweight solar cells are thin, adaptable photovoltaic devices made by depositing fine layers of semiconductor materials onto substrates. They offer a economical and versatile alternative to traditional silicon-based solar panels, with applications in different portable and building-integrated energy solutions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin-film_solar_cell |
| Solar cells | Photovoltaic cells convert sun rays directly into electricity through the photoelectric effect, making them a renewable energy source. They are typically used in solar panels to supply energy to homes, devices, and complete solar power systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cells |
| Polycrystalline silicon | Polycrystalline silicon, also known as polysilicon, is a substance composed of many tiny silicon crystal structures, typically used in solar modules and chip fabrication. Its manufacturing process involves fusing and restructuring silicon to generate a high-purity, polycrystalline structure appropriate for electronic devices. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycrystalline_silicon |
| Monocrystalline silicon | Single-crystal silicon is a premium type of silicon with a single lattice structure, making it very effective for use in solar panels and electronics. Its uniform structure allows for improved charge movement, resulting in higher efficiency compared to different silicon varieties. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monocrystalline_silicon |
| Cadmium telluride photovoltaics | CdTe photovoltaics constitute a category of thin-film solar method that presents a affordable and efficient option for extensive solar energy harvesting. They are their great absorption performance and relatively low manufacturing expenses versus traditional silicon-based solar panels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium_telluride_photovoltaics |
| Copper indium gallium selenide solar cell | CuInGaSe2 solar cells are flexible solar cells that utilize a composite material of Cu, In, gallium, and Se to transform sunlight into electricity effectively. They are noted for their high absorption efficiency, bendability, and capability for compact, economical solar power solutions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_indium_gallium_selenide_solar_cell |
| Amorphous silicon | Amorphous silicon is a non-ordered atomic arrangement, making it easier to handle and more straightforward to layer than crystalline silicon. It is often used in solar panels and electronic devices due to its cost-effectiveness and flexible features. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amorphous_silicon |
| Third-generation photovoltaic cell | Next-generation photovoltaic cells aim to outperform traditional solar cell efficiencies by utilizing state-of-the-art materials and new techniques such as multi-layered stacks, quantum dots, and organic-inorganic hybrids. These technologies focus on maximizing energy conversion, lowering costs, and broadening applicability to various environments. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third-generation_photovoltaic_cell |
| Multi-junction solar cell | Multi-structured solar panels are innovative photovoltaic devices that utilize several p-n connections arranged in tandem to absorb a broader range of the solar spectrum, substantially boosting their efficiency. These are mainly employed in space satellites and high-performance solar power installations due to their outstanding energy transformation capabilities. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-junction_solar_cell |
| Solar panels on spacecraft | Solar panels on spacecraft are vital components that transform sunlight into electricity to supply onboard equipment. Generally lightweight, robust, and crafted to function effectively in the demanding space environment. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_panels_on_spacecraft |
| Compound semiconductor | Compound semiconductors are substances composed of two or more elements, typically involving a metal component and a non-metal, used in high-frequency electronic and optoelectronic devices. They offer enhanced performance in applications such as lasers, LEDs, and high-frequency switching devices compared to traditional silicon-based semiconductors. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compound_semiconductor |
| Gallium arsenide | GaAs is a compound-based semiconductor recognized for its high electron mobility and efficiency in high-frequency and optoelectronic applications. It is often used in devices such as microwave circuits, infrared LEDs, and solar cells. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallium_arsenide |
| Concentrator photovoltaics | Concentrator photovoltaics use optics or mirrors to focus sunlight onto very efficient multi-layer solar cells, greatly enhancing energy transformation efficiency. This technique is perfect for large capacity solar power plants in zones with direct sunlight, providing a cost-effective solution for intensive energy needs. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentrator_photovoltaics |
| Thin-film silicon | Lightweight silicon is a type of photovoltaic material used in solar cells, characterized by its lightweight and flexible form factor. It offers a cost-effective alternative to traditional silicon wafers, with applications in BIPV and mobile energy solutions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin-film_silicon |
| CIGS solar cell | CIGS solar cell utilize a delicate coating of CuInGaSe2 as the photovoltaic material, known for superior performance and adaptability. They offer a portable, economical alternative to traditional silicon-based solar panels with reliable operation in various environmental conditions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIGS_solar_cell |
| Thin-film | Thin-film refers to a very thin layer of material, often measured in nanometers or micrometers, used in multiple technological uses. These films are crucial in electronics, optical systems, and coverings for their particular physical and chemical properties. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin-film |
| Rooftop solar PV | Building-mounted solar PV systems harness the sun's rays to generate electricity directly on building rooftops, providing a sustainable and cost-effective energy solution. They help reduce reliance on fossil fuels, lower electricity bills, and contribute to green initiatives. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooftop_solar_PV |
| Thin film | A thin film is a sheet of material covering fractions of a nanometer to a few microns in dimension, often coated on surfaces for functional applications. These films are used in various industries, including electronic devices, light manipulation, and medicine, to change surface traits or engineer certain device functions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin_film |
| Nanometers | Nanometric units are measurement units equal to one-billionth of a meter, commonly used to illustrate very tiny distances at the atomic and molecular scale. They are essential in disciplines including nanotechnology, physics, and chemistry for gauging structures and particles at the nano level. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanometers |
| Micrometers | Measuring tools are high-precision measuring instruments used to precisely measure tiny gaps or widths, typically in manufacturing and production. They feature a calibrated screw device that allows for accurate readings, often down to thousandths of an inch or hundredths of a millimeter. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micrometers |
| Silicon wafer | A silicon wafer is a fine, ring-shaped slice of silicon crystal used as the foundation for fabricating semiconductor devices. It serves as the core material in the fabrication of microchips and electronic components. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_wafer |
| Copper indium gallium selenide solar cells | Copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS) solar cells are thin-film solar units known for their excellent performance and bendability, perfect for diverse applications. They use a stratified semiconductor structure that converts sunlight straight into electricity with remarkable performance in low-light settings. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_indium_gallium_selenide_solar_cells |
| Multi-crystalline silicon | Polycrystalline silicon is a kind of silicon used in solar cells, characterized by its many crystal grains that give it a mottled appearance. It is recognized for being economical and having a comparatively high efficiency in converting sunlight into electricity. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-crystalline_silicon |
| Solar PV systems | Solar power setups convert sunlight directly into electricity using PV cells, providing a sustainable energy source for household, industrial, and grid applications. They provide a eco-friendly, renewable, and affordable way to reduce reliance on non-renewable energy sources and lower carbon footprint. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_PV_systems |
| Perovskite solar cell | Perovskite solar cells are a type of photovoltaic technology that uses perovskite-structured compound as the light-harvesting layer, known for their high efficiency and low-cost manufacturing. These cell have rapidly advanced in performance, making them a promising alternative to traditional silicon-based solar panels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perovskite_solar_cell |
| Dye-sensitized solar cell | A dye-activated solar cell (DSSC) is a light-to-electricity device that transforms sunlight into electrical energy using a light-reactive dye to take in light and create electron flow. It offers a affordable and flexible alternative to traditional silicon-based solar cells, with possibility for transparent and portable applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dye-sensitized_solar_cell |
| Quantum dot solar cell | Quantum dot solar cell cells utilize nanoscale semiconductor particles to enhance light capture and energy conversion through quantum size effects. This technology offers the potential for lower-cost, bendable, and superior solar energy harvesting solutions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_dot_solar_cell |
| Organic solar cell | Organic photovoltaic devices are photoelectric devices that use carbon-based molecules, to turn sun's energy into electrical power. They are easy to handle, flexible, and provide cost-effective, extensive solar power. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_solar_cell |
| CZTS | CZTS Cu) Zinc Tin Sulfide is a promising photovoltaic compound used in thin-film solar modules due to its abundant and harmless elements. Its favorable optical-electronic properties make it an appealing substitute for sustainable photovoltaic applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CZTS |
| Building integrated photovoltaics | Building integrated photovoltaics integrated solar building solutions seamlessly incorporate solar power systems into the design of architectural elements, such as rooftops, facades, and glazing. This innovative approach enhances energy performance while maintaining visual attractiveness and building integrity. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building_integrated_photovoltaics |
| Transparency and translucency | Transparency permits light to pass through a material with minimal distortion, rendering objects behind easily seen. Translucency allows light to scatter through, making detailed visibility obscured but yet still permitting shapes and light to transmit. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transparency_and_translucency |
| Window tinting | Window film installation involves the process of applying a transparent film to the interior or exterior of cars or structures panes to block glare, heat, and ultraviolet rays. It enhances privacy, improves energy efficiency, and provides a modern aesthetic to any window. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Window_tinting |
| List of photovoltaic power stations | A list of PV power stations details various extensive solar energy facilities around the planet, showcasing their power and locations. These plants function a important role in green energy generation and global efforts to reduce carbon emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_photovoltaic_power_stations |
| Photovoltaic power stations | Photovoltaic power stations are extensive facilities that convert sunlight straight into electricity using solar panels. They are crucial in clean energy production, lessening dependence on fossil fuels, and cutting emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_power_stations |
| Environmental issues | Environmental issues encompass a wide range of issues such as pollution, climate change, and forest loss that threaten the health of our planet. Addressing these problems requires joint initiatives to promote green approaches and protect wild habitats. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_issues |
| Renewable energy | Green energy comes from natural sources that are renewably sourced, such as sunlight, breezes, and water. It offers a renewable option to non-renewable energy sources, minimizing environmental harm and enhancing lasting energy security. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy |
| Non-renewable energy | Fossil fuels, such as bituminous coal, oil, and fossil gas, are limited reserves formed over millions of years and are exhausted when used. They are the chief power sources for electricity generation and transportation but pose ecological and long-term viability challenges. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-renewable_energy |
| Electricity generation | Electrical energy creation involves converting various power sources such as coal, oil, and natural gas, nuclear energy, and renewable resources into electricity. This process typically occurs in power stations where turbines, alternators, and generators work together to produce power for distribution. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity_generation |
| Heavy metals | Heavy metals are thick, toxic elements such as Pb, quicksilver, Cd, and arsenic that pose significant health and environmental risks due to their persistence and bioaccumulation. They are commonly found in industrial emissions, contaminated water, and certain consumer products, requiring careful management to prevent adverse effects. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_metals |
| Solar-cell efficiency | Photovoltaic performance measures how well a photovoltaic device converts sunlight into convertible power. Improving this efficiency is essential for optimizing renewable energy output and reducing reliance on fossil fuels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar-cell_efficiency |
| Photoelectric effect | The photoelectric effect occurs when radiation shining on a metallic surface ejects electrons from that surface, demonstrating the particle properties of light. This occurrence provided critical proof for the development of quantum physics by showing that photon energy is quantified. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photoelectric_effect |
| Accelerated life testing | Accelerated life testing involves exposing products to elevated stresses to speedily determine their durability and estimate their lifespan under normal conditions. This method helps detect potential failures and improve product reliability efficiently. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accelerated_life_testing |
| Growth of photovoltaics | The increase of solar energy systems has sped up rapidly over the past ten years, driven by innovations and decreasing costs. This expansion is revolutionizing the global energy landscape by increasing the percentage of clean solar power in power production. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Growth_of_photovoltaics |
| Utility-scale solar | Utility-scale solar relates to large solar power installations built to generate electricity on a industrial scale, providing power directly to the grid. These projects typically cover large areas and utilize solar panels or thermal solar systems to produce renewable energy effectively. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utility-scale_solar |
| Lens (optics) | A lens is a see-through instrument that bending light to converge or separate rays, forming images. It is often used in devices like photographic devices, glasses, and microscopes to control light for improved vision and imaging. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lens_(optics) |
| Angle of incidence (optics) | The incidence angle is the angle between an incoming light ray and the normal line perpendicular to the surface at the contact point. It determines how light behaves with the surface, affecting reflection and refraction properties. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angle_of_incidence_(optics) |
| Anti-reflective coating | Anti-glare coating is a thin layer applied to optical surfaces to reduce glare and increase light flow. It enhances the crispness and brightness of screens by minimizing unwanted reflections. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-reflective_coating |
| Destructive interference | Destructive interference occurs when a couple of waves meet in such a way that their amplitudes counteract each other, resulting in a diminution or total eradication of the resultant waveform. This event generally happens when the waves are not in phase by pi radians. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destructive_interference |
| Alternating Current | Alternating current refers to a type of electrical flow that alternates direction, commonly employed in power supply systems. The voltage fluctuates in a sinusoidal pattern as time progresses, enabling effective conveyance across extensive ranges. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_Current |
| Microinverter | A small inverter is a tiny entity used to convert direct current (DC) from a single solar panel into AC suitable for domestic use. It boosts system performance by enhancing power output at the panel level and streamlines setup and service. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microinverter |
| AC power | Alternating current power, or AC power, is electricity delivered through a system where the potential difference and current regularly reverse polarity, enabling efficient transmission over extended ranges. It is frequently used in households and commercial sectors to operate different appliances and machinery. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AC_power |
| DC connector | A direct current connector is a category of electrical connector used to deliver direct current (DC) power from a power source to an device. It typically consists of a round plug and socket that provide a firm and dependable link for different electronic purposes. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC_connector |
| Underwriters Laboratories | Underwriters Labs is a worldwide security approval agency that assesses and certifies products to ensure they adhere to specific protection norms. It supports consumers and firms recognize reliable and secure products through thorough assessment and testing processes. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underwriters_Laboratories |
| Series circuits | Series circuits are electronic networks in which elements are connected end-to-end, forming a one path for current flow. In this arrangement, the identical current passes through all parts, and the entire voltage is divided among them. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Series_circuits |
| Parallel circuits | Parallel circuits are electrical circuits where parts are connected across the same voltage source, offering multiple routes for current flow. This configuration allows devices to operate separately, with the total current split among the branches. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_circuits |
| Diode | An diode acts as a solid-state device that permits current to pass in a single sense only, functioning as a one-way valve for electrical current. It is commonly used for rectification, signal demodulation, and voltage regulation in electronic systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diode |
| Automobile auxiliary power outlet | An automobile auxiliary power outlet is a port, typically 12 volt, created to deliver electrical energy for various devices and add-ons within a car. It enables users to charge electronic electronics or operate small electronics when on the journey. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile_auxiliary_power_outlet |
| USB | USB (Universal Serial Bus) is a protocol for connecting peripheral peripherals to computers, facilitating data transmission and power supply. It backs a variety of peripherals such as input devices, mice, external storage, and cell phones, with multiple generations providing increased speeds and upgraded performance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB |
| Solar cell efficiency | Solar cell efficiency refers to the portion of sunlight energy that a photovoltaic cell transforms into electrical energy. Enhancing this efficiency is essential to optimizing energy generation and making solar power economical and sustainable. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cell_efficiency |
| National Renewable Energy Laboratory | The National Renewable Energy Laboratory is a U.S. DOE national laboratory dedicated to R&D in renewable energy and energy efficiency technologies. It is committed to advancing innovations in solar power, wind, bioenergy, and other sustainable energy sources to promote a clean energy future. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Renewable_Energy_Laboratory |
| Electromagnetic spectrum | The electromagnetic spectrum encompasses the entire range of electromagnetic radiation, extending from radio signals to gamma radiation, each with diverse wavelengths and energies. This spectrum is fundamental to a wide array of devices and natural events, enabling data exchange, medical imaging, and insight into the cosmos. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrum |
| Ultraviolet | UV light is a kind of electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength shorter than the visible spectrum but longer than X-rays, primarily generated by the sun. It serves a crucial role in such as vitamin D production but can also result in skin harm and photoaging. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraviolet |
| Infrared | Infrared radiation is a form of electromagnetic wave with longer wavelengths than visible light, primarily emitted as heat by objects. It is widely used in remote controls, thermal imaging, and various sensing technologies. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared |
| Monochromatic | Single-hued refers to a color palette based on shades of a sole hue, using diverse shades, tints, and tones to create harmony and unity. This composition approach emphasizes minimalism and sophistication by maintaining consistent color elements throughout a layout. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monochromatic |
| Irradiance | Radiance refers to the intensity of electromagnetic radiation per unit area incident on a surface, generally measured in watts per sq meter. It is a key parameter in fields such as solar energy, climate science, and photobiology, demonstrating the strength of sunlight hitting a particular zone. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irradiance |
| W/m2 | W/m2 is a standard unit used to measure the intensity of power or energy flow received or emitted over a defined area, frequently in fields like meteorology, astronomy, and engineering. It helps in understanding the spread and movement of radiation across surfaces, such as solar radiation reaching the Earth's surface. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W/m2 |
| Spectrum | Spectrum refers to the extent of different colors or wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation, visible or alternatively. It is commonly used to depict the spread of light or signal frequencies in multiple scientific and technological fields. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectrum |
| Airmass | An airmass is a substantial volume of air with relatively uniform thermal and moisture characteristics, deriving from from certain origin zones. These air masses affect weather systems and air states as they move across various areas. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airmass |
| Solar irradiance | Sun's energy output is the assessment of the intensity per square meter received from the solar source in the type of light. It fluctuates with solar activity and atmospheric factors on Earth, impacting climate and local weather. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_irradiance |
| Soiling (solar energy) | Soiling in solar energy refers to the collection of debris, and foreign matter on the panels of solar panels, which diminishes their performance. Consistent upkeep and care are essential to limit energy decrease and guarantee maximum performance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soiling_(solar_energy) |
| Open-circuit voltage | Open-circuit voltage is the maximum voltage accessible from a power source when current flow is absent, taken across its terminals. It represents the potential difference of a device when it is disconnected from any load. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-circuit_voltage |
| Short-circuit current | Short-circuit current represents the highest electrical current that passes through a circuit when a short connection, or short circuit, happens, going around the normal load. It poses a considerable safety hazard and can result in damage to electrical components if not properly controlled. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short-circuit_current |
| Watt-peak | Watt-peak (Wp) is a measure of the maximum power output of a solar panel under perfect sunlight conditions. It indicates the array's peak potential to produce electricity in typical testing environments . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watt-peak |
| Voltmeter | A voltmeter is an measuring tool used to measure the voltage between two points in a electronic circuit. It is commonly used in various electrical and electronic applications to maintain proper voltage measurements | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltmeter |
| Potential-induced degradation | Potential-induced degradation (PID) is a phenomenon in solar modules where increased voltage stress causes a notable reduction in energy production and performance. It occurs due to current leakage and ion migration within the solar cell materials, leading to performance decline over time. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potential-induced_degradation |
| Boron | Boron is a semi-metal element essential for plant growth and used in different industrial applications, like glassmaking and chip manufacturing. It possesses unique chemical properties that render it valuable in manufacturing robust, heat-resistant materials. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boron |
| Photovoltaic mounting system | A photovoltaic mounting system securely supports photovoltaic modules, ensuring ideal tilt and alignment for maximum sunlight exposure. It is designed to withstand environmental conditions while providing a solid and durable foundation for solar energy installations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_mounting_system |
| Solar power plant | A solar-powered power plant collects sunlight using vast groups of photovoltaic panels to generate renewable electricity. It provides an environmentally friendly energy source, reducing reliance on fossil fuels and reducing greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power_plant |
| Agrivoltaics | Agrivoltaics is the integrated approach of utilizing land for both solar power production and farming, maximizing space and resources. This approach boosts crop production while simultaneously creating renewable energy, promoting sustainable land use. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agrivoltaics |
| Bifacial solar cells | Bifacial solar panels are solar energy devices able to absorb sunlight from both their front and rear surfaces, improving overall energy generation. They are usually installed in a way that enhances performance by taking advantage of albedo mirroring and reflected sunlight from the environment. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bifacial_solar_cells |
| Solar canopy | A solar canopy is a installation that provides cover while creating electricity through built-in solar panels. It is frequently installed in parking lots, walkways, or open spaces to combine environmental benefits with practical design. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_canopy |
| Solar array | A solar panel setup is a group of multiple solar panels configured to generate electricity from sunlight. It is frequently used in green energy setups to produce environmentally friendly, eco-friendly power for various applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_array |
| Patio cover | A patio shield is a construction that offers shade and shelter from the weather for exterior areas. It boosts the usability and look of a courtyard, making it a comfortable zone for leisure and gatherings. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patio_cover |
| Zenith angle | The angle measured from directly overhead is the measurement between the vertical direction directly overhead and the line of sight to a astronomical body. It is employed in astronomy and meteorology to indicate the position of celestial entities in the sky relative to an spectator. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zenith_angle |
| Azimuth angle | The horizontal bearing is a horizontal angle measured clockwise from a reference heading, usually true north, to the line linking an viewer to a point of interest. It is commonly used in routing, mapping, and celestial observation to specify the direction of an object relative to the viewer. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azimuth_angle |
| Occupational hazards of solar panel installation | Installing solar panels exposes workers to risks such as falls from heights and electricity shocks, requiring proper safety measures. Additionally, exposure to severe weather and potential musculoskeletal injuries pose significant workplace risks in solar panel setup. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational_hazards_of_solar_panel_installation |
| Cadmium telluride | Cadmium telluride is a semiconductor substance widely used in thin-film solar panels due to its superior efficiency and cost-effectiveness. It exhibits superb optical features, making it a popular option for solar applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium_telluride |
| List of photovoltaics companies | A catalog of photovoltaics companies features the leading manufacturers and suppliers expert in solar panel technology and renewable energy solutions worldwide. These companies play a crucial role in driving solar energy integration and advancement across various markets. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_photovoltaics_companies |
| Gigawatt | A GW is a unit of power equal to one billion watts, used to measure massive energy generation and consumption. It is commonly associated with power plants, national grids, and large-scale energy projects worldwide. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigawatt |
| First Solar | First Solar Inc is a international leader in solar power solutions, specializing in producing thin film solar modules that deliver excellent efficiency and low-cost power output. The organization is dedicated to green renewable energy advancement and reducing the world dependency on fossil fuels through cutting-edge solar technology. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Solar |
| GCL System Integration Technology | GCL System Integration Technology focuses in effortlessly integrating various components of factory and automation systems to boost performance and trustworthiness. It concentrates on developing advanced solutions that facilitate efficient communication and cooperation among diverse technological platforms. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GCL_System_Integration_Technology |
| Shunfeng Photovoltaic | Shunfeng Photovoltaic stands as a leading Chinese-based firm expert in producing and developing solar-powered photovoltaic items and systems. Renowned for its advanced technology and eco-friendly energy programs within the renewable energy industry. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shunfeng_Photovoltaic |
| GigaWatt | GigaWatt is a unit of power equal to 1,000,000,000 W, often utilized to represent the capacity of massively scaled electricity generation or consumption. It highlights the immense power magnitude involved in contemporary energy framework and tech. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GigaWatt |
| Experience curve effects | Learning curve effects refer to the concept where the production cost decreases as cumulative output rises, due to learning curve and optimization obtained over time. This concept highlights the significance of stored knowledge in cutting expenses and improving productivity in industrial processes and other procedures. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experience_curve_effects |
| Photovoltaics | Photovoltaic systems convert sunlight directly into electricity through semiconductor materials, primarily silicon. This method is a pure, green energy source that aids reduce reliance on fossil fuels and lowers greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaics |
| Grid parity | Grid parity occurs when the cost of producing solar or wind energy becomes the same as or lower than the expense of buying power from the electric grid. Achieving Grid parity signifies that green energy technologies are cost-effectively competitive with fossil fuel-based coal, oil, natural gas. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grid_parity |
| Mains electricity | Mains electricity acts as the standard electrical power supplied to residences and companies through a grid of power lines, offering a consistent source of energy for various appliances. It typically operates at a voltage of around 120V or 230V, based on the region, and is delivered through AC power. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mains_electricity |
| Balance of system | Balance of system (BOS) pertains to all elements of a solar power system excluding the photovoltaic panels, including inverters, racking, wiring, and supplementary electrical hardware. It is vital for securing the optimum and dependable operation of a solar energy installation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balance_of_system |
| Solar energy | Sunlight is absorbed from the sun's rays using PV panels to generate electricity or through thermal solar systems to produce heat. It represents a renewable, sustainable, and planet-friendly energy source that limits the use of fossil fuels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_energy |
| Applications of photovoltaics | Photovoltaics are in home, commercial, and factory settings to generate renewable, eco-friendly electricity from sunlight. They also drive remote and off-grid locations, providing green energy solutions where traditional power grids are not accessible. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applications_of_photovoltaics |
| List of solar-powered products | A catalog of solar energy products features a variety of tools that capture sunlight to convert energy, supporting eco-friendly and eco-conscious living. These products include covering solar energy units and lights to home equipment and outdoor gear, providing flexible options for power needs. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_solar-powered_products |
| Photovoltaic power station | An solar power plant is a facility that transforms sunlight directly into electricity using solar panels. It is a sustainable energy source that supports lowering reliance on fossil fuels and reduces greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_power_station |
| Solar hybrid power systems | Solar hybrid power systems merge solar panels with additional energy sources, such as wind or diesel generators, to deliver a reliable and efficient power supply. They maximize energy use by allocating renewable resources and backup options, cutting reliance on fossil fuels and cutting overall emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_hybrid_power_systems |
| Concentrated photovoltaics | CPV utilize lenses and reflectors to focus solar radiation on high-performance photovoltaic cells, significantly increasing energy capture using a smaller area. This method works well in areas with intense, direct sunlight and provides a viable solution to cut solar power costs. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentrated_photovoltaics |
